Methods of using dnase1-like 3 in therapy

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides D1L3 enzymes having complete or partial C-terminal deletions of the basic domain (BD), which have substantially enhanced chromatin-degrading activity. In various aspects, the invention provides chromatinase enzyme therapy, which is optionally provided by delivering polynucleotides encoding chromatinases such as D1L3, or by delivering host cells expressing and secreting the same.

PRIORITY

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/697,502, filed Nov. 27, 2019, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2019/055178, filed Oct. 8, 2019, which claims the benefit of: U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/846,904, filed May 13, 2019; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/808,601, filed Feb. 21, 2019; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/779,104, filed Dec. 13, 2018; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/775,563, filed Dec. 5, 2018; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/742,682, filed Oct. 8, 2018, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application further claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/978,976, filed Feb. 20, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is an essential host response to control invading microbes and heal damaged tissues. Uncontrolled and persistent inflammation causes tissue injury in a plethora of inflammatory disorders. Neutrophils are the predominant leukocytes in acute inflammation. During infections, neutrophils generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), lattices of DNA-filaments decorated with toxic histones and enzymes that immobilize and neutralize bacteria. However, inappropriately released NETs may harm host cells due to their cytotoxic, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic activity.

Two endogenous extracellular DNA-degrading enzymes, DNASE1 (D1) and DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3), limit collateral damage during homeostatic inflammatory responses. D1 and D1L3 are evolutionarily conserved and found in a variety of species including, humans, primates, and rodents. D1 is predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and exocrine glands, whereas hematopoietic cells, namely macrophages and dendritic cells produce D1L3. While D1L3 has much higher activity for degrading extracellular chromatin and NETs (as compared to D1, which has little to no chromatin-degrading activity), wild-type D1L3 does not have the physical, enzymatic, or pharmacodynamic properties suitable for enzyme replacement therapy.

Therapies providing high DNA- or chromatin-degrading activity are needed for treating conditions characterized by pathological accumulation of extracellular chromatin, including NETs.

SUMMARY

D1L3 features a 23-amino acid long C-terminal tail, which contains 9 basic amino acids and is thus known as the Basic Domain (BD). The BD is unique to D1L3 and is not present in D1. The BD contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that targets the enzyme to the nucleus during apoptosis. While it has been widely considered that the BD is critical for the biologic activity of D1L3 in the extracellular space, this disclosure surprisingly shows that deletion of the C-terminal tail in fact stimulates chromatinase activity of D1L3. In accordance with aspects of the invention, the D1L3 enzymes described herein are more suitable and/or effective for therapy and/or are more amenable to large-scale manufacturing. The D1L3 enzymes disclosed herein have benefits for systemic therapy. Such benefits include longer exposure (e.g., slower elimination, longer circulatory half-life), extended duration of pharmacodynamic action, and improved chromatin-degrading activity.

In various embodiments, the invention provides a DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3) enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity to D1L3 Isoform 1 (SEQ ID NO:4) or D1L3 Isoform 2 (SEQ ID NO:5) lacking the BD, and wherein the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least three amino acids from the BD. Amino acid deletions of the Basic Domain of D1L3 improve its chromatin-degrading activity. Further, increasing deletions of the 23-amino acid BD directly correlate with increasing chromatin-degrading activity, including activity for degrading mono-nucleosomes.

Amino acid deletions of the BD can be anywhere in the BD. For example, deletions can be independently selected from the N-terminal side of the BD, from the C-terminal side of the BD, and internal to the BD. In some embodiments, one or more amino acid deletions are within the NLS of the BD.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme is fused to a carrier protein, optionally by means of an amino acid linker. The carrier protein is generally a half-life extending moiety, such as albumin, transferrin, an Fc, or elastin-like protein, or a variant thereof.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme is fused to an albumin amino acid sequence or domain. Albumin can be joined to the D1L3, optionally with an interposed linker, at the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus of the D1L3 enzyme. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme comprises an albumin sequence fused to the N-terminus of the mature D1L3 enzyme with an interposed amino acid linker. The peptide linker may be a flexible linker, a rigid linker, or in some embodiments a physiologically-cleavable linker. An exemplary fusion protein for use in systemic therapy is represented by SEQ ID NO: 47, which includes an N-terminal albumin amino acid sequence, a flexible linker of 31 amino acids, and a mature D1L3 amino acid sequence having a full deletion of the BD.

In still other aspects, the invention provides a DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3) enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity to D1L3 Isoform 1 (SEQ ID NO:4) or D1L3 Isoform 2 (SEQ ID NO:5), and wherein the D1L3 enzyme has a single amino acid truncation of the BD. D1L3 enzymes having a single amino acid truncation from the BD have surprisingly high DNase activity.

The invention in some aspects provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the D1L3 enzyme described herein, or optionally a polynucleotide encoding the D1L3 enzyme, or a transfection or expression vector comprising the same, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for any administration route, including topical, parenteral, or pulmonary administration.

In some aspects, the invention provides mammalian host cells (e.g., human host cells), as well as methods of making and using the same. The host cells comprise a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a chromatinase enzyme operably linked to a promoter. The host cells delivered to a subject express and secrete the encoded chromatinase enzyme. In these aspects, challenges in manufacturing chromatinases such as D1L3 at large scale are avoided. Further, by expressing and delivering D1L3 through heterologous expression in a white blood cell such as a T cell, D1L3 therapy can be localized in part to areas of inflammation or tissue destruction or cell apoptosis. Further, since D1L3 has a circulation half-life of less than about 30 minutes, the cell therapy described herein provides for a sustained therapy, with as few as one, two, three, or four treatments in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the therapy is provided to a subject for treatment of cancer (e.g., leukemia) or viral infection, including infection of the lower respiratory tract.

In other aspects, the invention provides a method for treating a subject in need of extracellular DNA or chromatin degradation, extracellular trap (ET) degradation and/or neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the D1L3 enzyme or composition described herein (including host cell compositions). In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating, preventing, or managing diseases or conditions characterized by the presence or accumulation of NETs or extracellular chromatin.

In certain embodiments, the present invention pertains to the treatment of diseases or conditions characterized by deficiency of D1L3, or a deficiency of D1. In some cases, the subject has a mutation (i.e., a loss of function mutation) in the Dnase1l3 gene or the Dnase1 gene. In some embodiments, such subjects manifest with an autoimmune disease. In some cases, the subject has an acquired inhibitor of D1 and/or of D1L3. Such subjects can also have an autoimmune or inflammatory disease, such as SLE or systemic sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the subject has a loss of function mutation in one or both D1L3 genes, and may exhibit symptoms of SLE, or may be further diagnosed with clinical SLE. In such embodiments, the subject may receive systemic therapy with a BD-deleted D1L3 described herein. For example, therapeutically effective amounts of the fusion protein represented by SEQ ID NO:47, or other fusion between albumin and a BD-deleted D1L3, are administered once or twice weekly, or once or twice monthly.

Other aspects and embodiments of the invention will be apparent from the following examples.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the enzymatic activity of increasing amounts of DNASE1 (D1) and DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3) as characterized by the degradation of high-molecular weight (HMW)-chromatin from HEK293 cell purified nuclei. D1 has limited activity for degrading chromatin as compared to D1L3.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a building block substitution technology used for creating chimeric DNase enzymes. Summarily, building block substitution involves protein-protein sequence alignment of a donor DNase (e.g. DNASE1) and a recipient DNase (e.g. DNASE1L3), identification of variable amino acid blocks (building block) between conserved anchors, and substitution of a segment of cDNA encoding a building block from the recipient DNase with a segment of cDNA between the anchors in the donor DNase, thereby creating chimeric DNase enzymes.

FIG. 3 shows 14 of the 63 D1L3-D1 chimeras (#50-#63), SEQ ID NOs: 8-21, respectively, generated using the building block substitution method.

FIG. 4 shows the chromatin-degrading activities of D1L3-D1 chimeras (#50 to #63) shown in FIG. 3. As shown, the D1L3-D1 chimera #63, which harbors a Q282_S305delinsK mutation (involving deletion of C-terminal basic domain (BD) and substitution of Glutamine 282 of D1L3 with a Lysine) (SEQ ID NO: 21), exhibits hyperactivity for chromatin degradation as compared to wild-type D1L3.

FIG. 5A shows a western blot of culture supernatants using a monoclonal antibody that targets MGDFNAGCSYV (SEQ ID NO:42) (Anti-D1/D1L3), a peptide sequence that is shared by D1 and D1L3. Mobility shift confirms the C-terminal deletion in the Q282_S305delinsK mutant. FIG. 5B shows the results of a titration experiment performed to compare the chromatin-degrading activities of wild type D1L3 and the BD-deleted D1L3. The results demonstrate that the BD-deleted D1L3 had approximately 5 to 10-fold higher enzymatic activity on HMW-chromatin compared to wild type D1L3. FIG. 5C is a graph showing chromatinase activity of wild type D1L3 and the BD-deleted D1L3 as a function of enzyme concentration.

FIG. 6 shows sequence alignment of C-termini of the S305del, K303_S305del, V294_S305del, K291_S305del, R285_S305del, and S283_S305del deletion mutants (SEQ ID NOs: 22-27, respectively), which lack 1, 3, 12, 15, 21, and 23 C-terminal amino acids, respectively.

FIG. 7 shows a western blot of CHO cell culture supernatants after transient transfection of deletion mutants using the anti-D1/D1L3 antibody.

FIG. 8A compares the enzymatic activities of the indicated deletion mutant enzymes with the wild type D1L3 on ultra-large chromatin. FIG. 8B shows a graph illustrating chromatinase activity of D1L3 as a function length of C-terminal deletion.

FIG. 9A shows the ability to degrade ultra-large chromatin into mononucleosomes by the indicated deletion mutant enzymes in comparison with the wild type D1L3. FIG. 9B shows a graph illustrating the degradation of mononucleosomes by the D1L3 mutants as a function length of C-terminal deletion.

FIG. 10 shows C-terminal amino acid sequences of recombinantly expressed wild-type D1L3 in Pichia pastoris to identify frequent cleavage sites. Amino acid sequencing of purified wild-type D1L3 identified three C-terminal deletion mutants: K291_S305del, K292_S305del, and S293_S305del. The C-terminus of wild-type D1L3 was not detected. In parallel, the chromatin degrading activity in the different concentrations of purified protein was analyzed and compared to purified DNASE1 (D1) and the Basic Domain Deleted DNASE1L3 (BDD-D1L3) with a F275Y/F279_K280delinsVM/Q282_S305delinsK mutation. The figure shows DNA analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

FIG. 11 shows that the addition of dextran sulfate to CHO medium improves protein yield. Stable pools of CHO cells expressing wild-type D1L3 were incubated in standard CHO medium or CHO medium supplemented with dextran sulfate. Supernatants were analyzed by Western Blot (WB) using an anti-DNASE1L3 antibody. The figure shows that D1L3 expresses poorly in CHO cells with low yield. Addition of dextran sulfate increases the yield, but does not prevent production fragmentation.

FIGS. 12A-B show that D1L3 has a propensity to misfold when expressed in CHO cells. FIG. 12A illustrates a simple expression vector for D1L3 expression using the native secretory signal peptide. Supernatants of stable pools were analyzed by Western Blot using an anti-DNASE1L3 antibody, and FIG. 12B shows the presence of high molecular weight aggregates under non-reducing conditions, which are resolved under reducing conditions.

FIG. 13 is an alignment of human D1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and human D1L3 (SEQ ID NO: 4) amino acid sequences, with conserved and non-conserved cysteine residues shown.

FIG. 14 shows the location of NLS2 sequence superimposed with a sequence alignment of C-termini of the S305del, K303_S305del, V294_S305del, K291_S305del, R285_S305del, and S283_S305del deletion mutants, which lack 1, 3, 12, 15, 21, and 23 C-terminal amino acids, respectively.

FIG. 15 shows a western blot of wild type D1L3 and BD-deleted D1L3 expressed in furin-overexpressing CHO cells. CHO cells without overexpression of furin were included as control. Data suggest that cleavage of the C-terminal tail or a portion thereof could act as a natural activation signal for D1L3.

FIG. 16 shows the expression of D1L3 in white blood cell lineages. T cells do not naturally express D1L3 mRNA.

FIG. 17 shows a schematic for D1L3 therapy in connection with T cell therapy. T cells express basic-specific PCSK enzymes that result in the secretion of active enzyme.

FIG. 18 compares the enzymatic activities of the indicated deletion mutant enzymes with the wild type D1L3 on DNA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure is based, in part, on the discovery that D1L3 enzymes having complete or partial C-terminal deletions of the basic domain (BD) have substantially enhanced chromatin-degrading activity. In accordance with aspects of the invention, the D1L3 enzymes described herein are more suitable and/or effective for therapy and/or are more amenable to large-scale manufacturing. In some embodiments, the enzymes disclosed herein have benefits for systemic therapy, including cell therapy in which a host cell expresses a heterologous chromatinase such as D1L3. Such benefits include longer exposure (e.g., slower elimination, longer circulatory half-life), extended duration of pharmacodynamic action, and improved chromatin-degrading activity.

In the description that follows, certain conventions will be followed regarding the usage of terminology. As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the singular and the plural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The term “chromatinase” refers to a class of deoxyribonuclease enzyme that exhibits more than a negligible ability to cut, cleave or digest chromatin, i.e., DNA associated with one or more histone proteins. Human DNASE1L3 is a chromatinase. DNASE1L3 variants disclosed herein are chromatinases. Not all DNASE enzymes are chromatinases. For example, human DNASE1 has essentially no ability to specifically cut, cleave, or digest chromatin and is not a chromatinase.

As used herein, unless stated to the contrary, the term “D1L3” when referring to the wild-type sequence, includes either D1L3 Isoform 1 (SEQ ID NO:4) or D1L3 Isoform 2 (SEQ ID NO:5).

When referring to sequence identity with wild-type DNase enzymes, and unless stated otherwise, sequences refer to mature enzymes lacking the signal peptide. Further, unless stated otherwise, amino acid positions are numbered with respect to the full-translated DNase sequence, including signal peptide, for clarity. Accordingly, for example, reference to sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 (human D1L3, Isoform 1) refers to a percent identity with the mature enzyme having M21 at the N-terminus. Polynucleotides encoding enzymes may also encode the signal peptide to effect secretion from host cells and processing of the signal peptide.

As used herein with reference to a drug, “half-life” refers to the elimination half-life of the concentration of the drug in an animal, as measured in a matrix of interest, e.g., serum or plasma. The skilled person will understand that not all drugs exhibit first-order kinetics or do so during all phases of elimination. In such cases, the skilled person will understand that the terms “half-life extension” or “extended half-life” are expressions that refer to a slower rate of elimination.

As used herein, “neutrophil extracellular trap” and the acronym “NET” refer to a network of extracellular fibers comprising nuclear contents, e.g., DNA bound to histone proteins that are released from an immune cell, typically a neutrophil, in a programmed fashion.

Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence” or “nucleic acid” encoding an amino acid sequence includes all degenerate versions that encode the same amino acid sequence. The phrase nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein or an RNA may also include introns to the extent that the nucleotide sequence encoding the protein may in some version contain one or more introns. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a chromatinase does not have introns.

The terms “about” and “approximately” include an amount that is ±10% of an associated numerical value.

D1L3 features a 23-amino acid long C-terminal tail, which contains 9 basic amino acids and is thus known as Basic Domain (BD). The BD is unique to D1L3 and is not present in D1. The BD contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that targets the enzyme to the nucleus during apoptosis. While it has been widely considered that the BD is critical for the biologic activity of D1L3 in the extracellular space, this disclosure surprisingly shows that deletion of the C-terminal tail in fact stimulates chromatinase activity of D1L3.

In various embodiments, the invention provides a DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3) enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity to D1L3 Isoform 1 (SEQ ID NO:4) or D1L3 Isoform 2 (SEQ ID NO:5) lacking the BD (i.e., at least 70% sequence identity with amino acids 21 to 282 of SEQ ID NO: 4, or amino acids 21 to 252 of SEQ ID NO:5), and wherein the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least three amino acids from the BD. Amino acid deletions of the Basic Domain of D1L3 improve its chromatin-degrading activity. Further, increasing deletions of the 23-amino acid BD directly correlate with increasing chromatin-degrading activity, including activity for degrading mono-nucleosomes.

In various embodiments, the amino acid deletions from the BD are at the C-terminus of the BD. For example, the D1L3 enzyme may have a deletion of at least the five C-terminal amino acids of BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least the eight C-terminal amino acids of the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least the ten C-terminal amino acids of the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least the twelve C-terminal amino acids of the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least the fifteen C-terminal amino acids of the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least the eighteen C-terminal amino acids of the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least the twenty one C-terminal amino acids of the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least the twenty three C-terminal amino acids of the BD.

Alternatively, deletions of the BD (from three to 23 amino acids) can be anywhere in the BD, and not necessarily from the C-terminus of the BD. For example, in various embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23 amino acids deleted from the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least 5, or at least 8, or at least 12, or at least 15, or at least 18, or at least 21 amino acids from the BD. These deletions can be independently selected from the N-terminal side of the BD, from the C-terminal side of the BD, and internal to the BD. In some embodiments, one or more amino acid deletions are within the NLS within the BD.

In addition to deletions of one or more amino acids, the BD may further comprise amino acid substitutions, which may further impact chromatin-degrading activity. For example, the D1L3 enzyme may have from 1 to 20 amino acid substitutions of BD amino acids, in addition to a deletion of at least three amino acids. In some embodiments, the BD contains a substitution of at least three amino acids, or at least five amino acids, or at least 10 amino acids. In some embodiments, at least two amino acid substitutions are in the NLS of the BD.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of one or more additional amino acids from the C-terminus, in addition to a deletion of the BD. For example, the D1L3 enzyme may have a deletion of an additional one to fifty amino acids, or from one to twenty amino acids, or from one to ten amino acids, or from one to five amino acids from the C-terminal amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5, in addition to the deletion of the BD.

In some embodiments, after partial or complete deletion of the BD as described, from 1 to 10 amino acids, or from 1 to 5 amino acids may be added to the C-terminus that do not impact chromatin-degrading activity.

In various embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme amino acid sequence has at least 80% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 amino acid sequence has at least 85% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 amino acid sequence has at least 90% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD. In such embodiments, the amino acid sequence may have at least 95% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD, or at least 97% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD. In some embodiments, the D1L3 amino acid sequence has 100% sequence identity with the enzyme of SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5 lacking the BD.

In still other aspects, the invention provides a DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3) enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity to D1L3 Isoform 1 (SEQ ID NO:4) or D1L3 Isoform 2 (SEQ ID NO:S), and wherein the D1L3 enzyme has a single amino acid truncation of the BD. D1L3 enzymes having a single amino acid truncation from the BD have surprisingly high DNase activity.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme comprises additional modifications outside the BD, and which can provide additional advantages, including advantages in stability and compatibility with expression systems. Such modifications are disclosed in US 2020/0024585, PCT/US2019/055178, or PCT/US2020/016490, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme comprises at least one building block substitution from D1 (SEQ ID NO:1), DNASE-1-LIKE 1 (D1L1) (SEQ ID NO:2), or DNASE-1-LIKE 2 (SEQ ID NO:3). These building block substitutions are disclosed in PCT/US2020/016490, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 sequence or domain contains a building block substitution from D1 defined by amino add sequences, which can be selected from: M1_A20delinsMRGMKLLGALLALAALLQGAVS, M21_S25delinsLKIAA, V28_S30delinsIQT, E33_S34delinsET, Q36_I45delinsMSNATLVSYI, K47_K50delinsQILS, C52Y, I54_M58delinsIALVQ, I60_K61delinsVR, S63_I70delinsSHLTAVGK, M72_K74delinsLDN, R77_T84delinsQDAPDT, N86H, V88_I89delinsVV, S91_R92delinsEP, N96_T97delinsNS, Q101R, A103L, L105V, K107_L110delinsRPDQ, V113_S116delinsAVDS, H118Y, H120D, Y122_A127delinsGCEPCGN, V129T, S131N, 135F_136VdelinsAI, W138R, Q140_H143delinsFSRF, A145_D148delinsAVKD, V150A, I152A, T156_T157delinsAA, E159_S161delinsGDA, K163A, E167A, V169_E170delinsYD, T173L, K176_R178delinsQEK, K180_A181 delinsGL, N183_F186delinsDVML, P198_A201delinsRPSQ, K203_N204delinsSS, R208W, D210S, R212T, V214Q, G218P, Q220_E221delins SA, V225_S228delinsATP, N230H, L238_R239delinsVA, Q241_S246delinsMLLRGA, K250D, N252_V254delinsALP, D256N, K259_A260delinsAA, K262G, T264_E267delinsSDQL, L269_V271delinsQAI, F275Y, F279_K280delinsVM, and Q282_S305delinsK.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme is fused to a carrier protein, optionally by means of an amino acid linker. The carrier protein is generally a half-life extending moiety, such as albumin, transferrin, an Fc, XTEN, or elastin-like protein, or a variant thereof. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 9,458,218, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme is fused to an albumin amino acid sequence or domain, i.e., a human albumin or a fragment or variant thereof. See, for example, WO 2015/066550 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,221,896, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Albumin can be joined to the D1L3, optionally with an interposed linker, at the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus of the D1L3 enzyme. An exemplary albumin amino acid sequence is provided by SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme comprises an albumin sequence fused to the N-terminus of the mature D1L3 enzyme with an interposed amino acid linker.

In some embodiments, the albumin amino acid sequence or domain of the fusion protein has at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the reference albumin sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the albumin amino acid sequence or domain comprises or consists of the reference albumin sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 39. In various embodiments, the albumin amino acid sequence binds to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), e.g., human FcRn. The albumin amino acid sequence may be a variant of wild-type HSA (e.g., as represented by SEQ ID NO: 39). In various embodiments, albumin variants may have from one to twenty, or from one to ten amino acid modifications independently selected from deletions, substitutions, and insertions with respect to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the albumin amino acid sequence is any mammalian albumin amino acid sequence. Various modification to the albumin sequence that enhance its ability to serve as a circulation half-life extending carrier are known, and such modifications can be employed with the present invention. Exemplary modifications to the albumin amino acid sequence are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,748,380, 10,233,228, and 10,501,524, which are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

In some embodiments, the albumin amino acid sequence or domain is a fragment of full-length albumin, as represented by SEQ ID NO: 39. The term “fragment,” when used in the context of albumin, refers to any fragment of full-length albumin or a variant thereof (as described above) that extends the half-life of a D1L3 enzyme to which it is fused or conjugated, relative to the corresponding non-fused D1L3. In some embodiments, a fragment of an albumin can refer to an amino acid sequence comprising a fusion of multiple domains of albumin (see, e.g., WO2011/124718), such as domains I and III, and domains II and III. Generally, a fragment of albumin has at least about 100 amino acids or at least about 200 or at least about 300 amino acids of the full-length sequence. In various embodiments, the albumin fragment maintains the ability to bind human FcRn.

In some embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme is fused at the N-terminus to an albumin amino acid sequence, through a peptide linker. The peptide linker may be a flexible linker, a rigid linker, or in some embodiments a physiologically-cleavable linker (e.g., a protease-cleavable linker). In some embodiments, the linker is 5 to 100 amino acids in length, or is 5 to 50 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker is from about 10 to about 35 amino acids in length, or from about 15 to about 35 amino acids.

Flexible linkers are predominately or entirely composed of small, non-polar or polar residues such as Gly, Ser and Thr. An exemplary flexible linker comprises (Gly_(y)Ser)_(n)S_(z) linkers, where y is from 1 to 10 (e.g., from 1 to 5), n is from 1 to about 10, and z is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is from 3 to about 8, or from 3 to about 6. In exemplary embodiments, y is from 2 to 4, and n is from 3 to 8. Due to their flexibility, these linkers are unstructured. More rigid linkers include polyproline or poly Pro-Ala motifs and α-helical linkers. An exemplary α-helical linker is A(EAAAK)_(n)A, where n is as defined above (e.g., from 1 to 10, or 3 to 6). Generally, linkers can be predominately composed of amino acids selected from Gly, Ser, Thr, Ala, and Pro. Exemplary linker sequences contain at least 10 amino acids, and may be in the range of 15 to 35 amino acids. Exemplary linker designs are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 31 to 38.

In some embodiments, the variant comprises a linker, wherein the amino acid sequence of the linker is predominately glycine and serine residues, or consists essentially of glycine and serine residues. In some embodiments, the ratio of Ser and Gly in the linker is, respectively, from about 1:1 to about 1:10, from about 1:2 to about 1:6, or about 1:4. Exemplary linker sequences comprise or consist of S(GGS)₄GSS (SEQ ID NO: 36), S(GGS)₉GSS (SEQ ID NO: 37), (GGS)₉GSS (SEQ ID NO: 38). In some embodiments, the linker has at least 10 amino acids, or at least 15 amino acids, or at least 20 amino acids, or at least 25 amino acids, or at least 30 amino acids. For example, the linker may have a length of from 15 to 40 amino acids. In various embodiments, longer linkers of at least 15 amino acids can provide improvements in yield upon expression in Pichia pastoris. See PCT/US2019/055178, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

An exemplary fusion protein for use in systemic therapy is shown as SEQ ID NO: 47, which includes an N-terminal albumin amino acid sequence, a flexible linker of 31 amino acids, and a mature D1L3 amino acid sequence having a full deletion of the BD.

In other embodiments, the linker is a physiologically-cleavable linker, such as a protease-cleavable linker. For example, the protease may be a coagulation pathway protease, such as activated Factor XII. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of Factor XI (SEQ ID NO: 40) and/or prekallikrein (SEQ ID NO: 41) or a physiologically cleavable fragment thereof. In selected embodiments, the linker amino acid sequence from Factor XI contains all or parts of SEQ ID NO: 40 (e.g., parts of SEQ ID NO: 40, including modifications of SEQ ID NO: 40 that allow for cleavage by Factor XIIa). In some embodiments, the linker amino acid sequence from prekallikrein contains all or parts of SEQ ID NO: 41 (e.g., parts of SEQ ID NO: 41, including modifications of SEQ ID NO: 41 that allow for cleavage by Factor XIIa). In other embodiments, the linker includes a peptide sequence that is targeted for cleavage by a neutrophil specific protease, such as neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3.

The chromatin- and/or NET-degrading activity of a D1L3 enzyme variant, e.g., comprising a deletion of one or more amino acids of the BD, can be measured in vitro, for example by incubation of the enzyme with chromatin or NETs. Chromatin or NETs can be obtained in some embodiments from purified nuclei or ex vivo blood or neutrophils induced to form NETs. Alternatively, the chromatin- and/or NET-degrading activity of an enzyme can be measured in vivo, for example by administering the enzyme to a subject, wherein the subject produces or is induced to produce extracellular DNA, chromatin or NETs, and measuring the effect of the enzyme on concentrations of DNA, chromatin, or NET levels in a matrix, e.g. serum, preferably with a parallel negative control, or by temporally comparing the concentrations before and after administration of the enzyme.

In some embodiments, the fusion protein is synthesized with a signal peptide. The signal peptide may be removed during secretion from the host cell. With respect to expression in Pichia pastoris, the alpha-mating factor (αMF) pre-pro secretion leader from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO: 28) may be used for expression. In other embodiments, the signal peptide and propeptide of HSA, which consists of a signal sequence of 24 amino acids (MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR; SEQ ID NO: 29) may be used. In some embodiments, the human DNASE1L3 Signal Peptide (Q13609) (SEQ ID NO: 30) is used for expression. These elements are cleaved during expression, and are not present in the D1L3 enzyme product.

The invention in some aspects provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the D1L3 enzyme described herein, or optionally a polynucleotide encoding the D1L3 enzyme, or a transfection or expression vector comprising the same, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, delivery of polynucleotides is used for therapy. Encoding polynucleotides can be delivered as mRNA or as DNA constructs using known procedures, e.g., electroporation or cell squeezing, and/or vectors (including viral vectors). mRNA polynucleotides can include known modifications (mmRNA) to avoid activation of the innate immune system. See WO 2014/028429, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is delivered to the body of a subject.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is delivered into a cell in vitro, and the cell is delivered to the body of a subject. The cell can be, for example, a white blood cell (e.g., a T cell or macrophage), an endothelial cell, an epithelial cell, a hepatocyte, or a stem cell (e.g., LT-HSC). In these aspects, the invention provides mammalian host cells (e.g., human host cells) (as well as methods of making and using the same) that comprise a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a chromatinase enzyme operably linked to a promoter. The host cell expresses and secretes the chromatinase enzyme. In these aspects, challenges in manufacturing chromatinases such as D1L3 at large scale are avoided. Further, by expressing and delivering D1L3 through heterologous expression in a white blood cell such as a T cell, D1L3 therapy can be localized in part to areas of inflammation or tissue destruction or cell apoptosis. Further, since D1L3 has a circulation half-life of less than about 30 minutes, the cell therapy described herein provides for a sustained therapy, with as few as one, two, three, or four treatments. In various embodiments, a subject can be treated with ten or fewer administrations of the cellular therapy, or with four or fewer treatments of the cellular therapy. While T cells (and other host cells) can be engineered to express D1L3 having whole or partial deletions of the C-terminal BD (as described herein), because T cells express PCSK types 3, 5, 6, and 7 (including Furin, PCSK3), expression of wild type D1L3 can be activated by T cells through cleavage within the C-terminal BD. Exemplary T cells include CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells (e.g., CTLs). In some embodiments, the T cell is a regulatory T cell (T_(reg)). T cells such as gamma delta T cells or Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells can be employed in certain embodiments. In some embodiments, the CAR-T cells are directed against CD19. In some embodiments, D1L3 C-terminal basic domain processing is induced when the T cell is activated (e.g., by activation of the TCR or CAR). Exemplary T cells can comprise memory T cells, such as (in order of proliferative capacity) T memory stem cells, central memory T cells, or effector memory T cells. In some embodiments, the T cells are predominately terminally differentiated T cells.

Exemplary T cells for chromatinase cell therapy may recognize (through the TCR or CAR) a cancer-associated antigen, such as a leukemia-associated antigen, or an antigen of a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the T cell recognizes a viral antigen, including but not limited to an oncovirus. Exemplary oncoviruses include Epstein-Barr virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B or C virus, human herpes virus (e.g., HSV8), and human T lymphotrophic virus. In some embodiments, the T cell recognizes a coronavirus antigen, such as SARS-CoV-2.

In some embodiments, the host cell (e.g., a T cell) secretes D1L3 enzyme having a deletion of at least 12 amino acids of the C-terminal BD. In some embodiments, the secreted D1L3 enzyme includes enzymes having deletions of one or more of: K291_S305 del, K292_S305 del, K293_S305 del, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4. In these or other embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having a deletion of one or more amino acids of the C-terminal BD, such as at least three or at least five amino acids of the C-terminal BD. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having a deletion of at least 12 amino acids of the BD, or a complete deletion of the BD.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having an inactivation or mutation of one or more of the NLS1 and the NLS2. D1L3 features two nuclear localization sites (NLS1, NLS2), which may target the enzyme to the nucleus during apoptosis. NLS1 is located near the N-terminus (about amino acid positions 80 to 96 with respect to SEQ ID NO:4). NLS2 (amino acid positions 291 to 304 with respect to SEQ ID NO:4) is embedded within the C-terminal BD. In some embodiments, the NLS inactivation is by deletion of all or part of NLS1 and/or NLS2. In some embodiments, the NLS is inactivated by substitution and/or deletion of amino acids within NLS1 and/or NLS2. In some embodiments, NLS2 is deleted, entirely or partially.

In certain embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme contains one or more, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more amino acid substitutions, additions (e.g., insertions), or deletions in the NLS1. In certain embodiments, the D1L3 enzyme contains one or more, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more amino acid substitutions, additions, or deletions in the NLS2.

In these or other embodiments, the polynucleotide may express the D1L3 fused to a carrier protein as described (e.g., albumin), which is optionally linked at the N-terminus of D1L3 enzyme through a flexible or cleavable linker (as described).

A vector generally comprises an isolated nucleic acid and which can be used to deliver the isolated nucleic acid to the interior of a cell. Numerous vectors are known in the art including, but not limited to, linear polynucleotides, polynucleotides associated with ionic or amphiphilic compounds, plasmids, and viruses. Exemplary vectors include autonomously replicating plasmids or a virus (e.g. AAV vectors). The term should also be construed to include non-plasmid and non-viral compounds that facilitate transfer of nucleic acid into cells, such as, for example, polylysine compounds, liposomes, and the like. Examples of viral vectors include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, retroviral vectors, and the like.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or cell therapy may employ expression vectors, which comprise the nucleic acid encoding the chromatinase (e.g., D1L3) operably linked to an expression control region that is functional in the host cell. The expression control region is capable of driving expression of the operably linked encoding nucleic acid such that the chromatinase is produced in a human cell transformed with the expression vector. Expression control regions are regulatory polynucleotides (sometimes referred to herein as elements), such as promoters and enhancers, that influence expression of an operably linked nucleic acid. An expression control region of an expression vector is capable of expressing operably linked encoding nucleic acid in a human cell. In an embodiment, the expression control region confers regulatable expression to an operably linked nucleic acid. A signal (sometimes referred to as a stimulus) can increase or decrease expression of a nucleic acid operably linked to such an expression control region. Such expression control regions that increase expression in response to a signal are often referred to as inducible. Such expression control regions that decrease expression in response to a signal are often referred to as repressible. In various embodiments, the chromatinase expression is inducible or repressible. Typically, the amount of increase or decrease conferred by such elements is proportional to the amount of signal present; the greater the amount of signal, the greater the increase or decrease in expression.

Expression systems functional in human cells are well known in the art, and include viral systems. Generally, a promoter functional in a human cell is any DNA sequence capable of binding mammalian RNA polymerase and initiating the downstream (3′) transcription of a coding sequence into mRNA. A promoter will have a transcription-initiating region, which is usually placed proximal to the 5′ end of the coding sequence, and typically a TATA box located 25-30 base pairs upstream of the transcription initiation site. The TATA box is thought to direct RNA polymerase II to begin RNA synthesis at the correct site. A promoter will also typically contain an upstream promoter element (enhancer element), typically located within 100 to 200 base pairs upstream of the TATA box. An upstream promoter element determines the rate at which transcription is initiated and can act in either orientation. Of particular use as promoters are the promoters from mammalian viral genes, since the viral genes are often highly expressed and have a broad host range. Examples include the SV40 early promoter, mouse mammary tumor virus LTR promoter, adenovirus major late promoter, herpes simplex virus promoter, and the CMV promoter.

Where appropriate, gene delivery agents such as, e.g., integration sequences can also be employed. Numerous integration sequences are known in the art (see, e.g., Nunes-Duby et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 26:391-406, 1998; Sadwoski, J. Bacteriol., 165:341-357, 1986; Bestor, Cell, 122(3):322-325, 2005; Plasterk et al., TIG 15:326-332, 1999; Kootstra et al., Ann. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol., 43:413-439, 2003). These include recombinases and transposases. Examples include Cre (Sternberg and Hamilton, J. Mol. Biol., 150:467-486, 1981), lambda (Nash, Nature, 247, 543-545, 1974), FIp (Broach, et al., Cell, 29:227-234, 1982), R (Matsuzaki, et al., J. Bacteriology, 172:610-618, 1990), cpC31 (see, e.g., Groth et al., J. Mol. Biol. 335:667-678, 2004), sleeping beauty, transposases of the mariner family, and components for integrating viruses such as AAV, retroviruses, and antiviruses having components that provide for virus integration such as the LTR sequences of retroviruses or lentivirus and the ITR sequences of AAV (Kootstra et al., Ann. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol., 43:413-439, 2003). In addition, direct and targeted genetic integration strategies may be used to insert nucleic acid sequences including CRISPR/CAS9, zinc finger, TALEN, and meganuclease gene-editing technologies.

The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for any administration route, including topical, parenteral, or pulmonary administration. In various embodiments, the composition is formulated for intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraarticular, subcutaneous, or intraarterial. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for intravenous or subcutaneous administration. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an effective amount of host cells (expressing a chromatinase such as D1L3) for delivery (e.g., by infusion). An effective amount of host cells to be delivered by the composition can be determined by one of skill in art, and may include, for example, at least about 10⁶ cells, at least about 10⁷ cells, at least about 10⁸ cells, or at least about 10⁹ cells.

In other aspects, the present technology provides a method for treating a subject in need of extracellular chromatin degradation, extracellular trap (ET) degradation and/or neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the D1L3 enzyme or composition described herein. Exemplary indications where a subject is in need of extracellular chromatin degradation (including ET or NET degradation) are disclosed in PCT/US18/47084, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the method comprising administering the isolated host cells described herein (expressing a chromatinase for secretion) to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is at risk of occlusions involving extracellular chromatin, including chromatin released by cancer cells and injured endothelial cells, among others. Thus, in exemplary embodiments, the subject has cancer (e.g., leukemia or solid tumor). In some embodiments, the subject has metastatic cancer.

Subjects receiving therapy for cancer (including but not limited to T cell therapies) are at risk of tumor lysis syndrome, which occurs when tumor cells release their contents (including chromatin) into the bloodstream. Tumor lysis syndrome is a complication during the treatment of cancer, where large amounts of tumor cells are killed at the same time. Tumor lysis syndrome occurs commonly after the treatment of lymphomas and leukemias.

In still other embodiments, the subject has an inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, such as the lower respiratory tract. Exemplary diseases include bacterial and viral infections. In some embodiments, the subject has Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Acute Lung Injury (ALI), or pneumonia. Exemplary viral infections include RSV and coronavirus infection (such as SARS, or SARS-CoV-2, e.g., COVID-19 as well as variants thereof).

Neutrophils, the predominant leukocytes in acute inflammation, generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), lattices of high-molecular weight chromatin filaments decorated with biologically active proteins and peptides, which immobilize bacteria in wounds. Systemic accumulation of NETs harms tissues and organs due to their cytotoxic, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic activity. Indeed, NETs are frequently associated with inflammatory, ischemic, and autoimmune conditions, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating, preventing, or managing diseases or conditions characterized by the presence or accumulation of NETs. Such diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, diseases associated with chronic neutrophilia, neutrophil aggregation and leukostasis, thrombosis and vascular occlusion, ischemia-reperfusion injury, surgical and traumatic tissue injury, an acute or chronic inflammatory reaction or disease, an autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, systemic inflammation, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, renal inflammatory diseases, inflammatory diseases related to transplanted tissue (e.g. graft-versus-host disease) and cancer (including leukemia).

In some embodiments, the subject has SLE. The discovery of NETs raised the speculation that neutrophils may be the predominant source of autoantigens (i.e. dsDNA, chromatin) in SLE (Brinkmann, et al. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria. Science, 303(5663): 1532-1545 (2004). Indeed, autoantibodies such as anti-dsDNA, -histone, and -nucleosome antibodies bind to NETs, forming pathological ICs. Hakkim, et al., Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 9813-9818 (2010). The accumulation of NET-IC breaks immune tolerance via activation of adaptive immune cells that lead to the production of autoantibodies against NET components, forming a vicious cycle of inflammation and autoimmunity. Gupta and Kaplan, The role of neutrophils and NETosis in autoimmune and renal diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol. 12(7): 402-13 (2016). Therefore, reducing accumulation of NETs can break the cycle and thus provide an attractive therapeutic strategy for SLE.

In certain embodiments, the present invention pertains to the treatment of diseases or conditions characterized by deficiency of D1L3, or a deficiency of D1. In some cases, the subject has a mutation (e.g., a loss of function mutation) in the Dnase1l3 gene or the Dnase1 gene. Such subjects can manifest with an autoimmune disease, such as: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, scleroderma or systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and urticarial vasculitis. In some cases, the subject has an acquired inhibitor of D1 (e.g., anti-DNase1-antibody and actin) and/or D1L3 (e.g., anti-Dnase1l3-antibody). Such subjects can also have an autoimmune or inflammatory disease (e.g., SLE, systemic sclerosis).

In some embodiments, the subject has or is at risk of NETs occluding ductal systems. For example, the D1L3 enzymes or compositions disclosed herein can be administered to a subject to treat pancreatitis, cholangitis, conjunctivitis, mastitis, dry eye disease, obstructions of vas deferens, or renal diseases.

In some embodiments, the subject has or is at risk of NETs accumulating on endothelial surfaces (e.g. surgical adhesions), the skin (e.g. wounds/scarring), or in synovial joints (e.g. gout and arthritis, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis). The D1L3 enzymes and compositions described herein can be administered to a subject to treat a condition characterized by an accumulation of NETs on an endothelial surface such as, but not limited to, a surgical adhesion.

Other diseases and conditions associated with NETs, which the D1L3 enzymes or compositions disclosed herein may be used to treat or prevent, include: ANCA-associated vasculitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a neutrophilic dermatosis, dermatomyositis, burns, cellulitis, meningitis, encephalitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, uveitis, keratitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock liver, hepatorenal syndrome, myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic bowel, limb ischemia, testicular torsion, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and solid organ transplant (e.g., kidney, heart, liver, and/or lung transplant). Furthermore, the D1L3 enzymes or compositions disclosed herein can be used to prevent a scar or contracture, e.g., by local application to skin, in an individual at risk thereof, e.g., an individual with a surgical incision, laceration, or burn.

In various embodiments, the subject has a disease that is or has been treated with wild-type Dnases, including D1 and streptodornase. Such diseases or conditions include thrombosis, stroke, sepsis, lung injury, atherosclerosis, viral infection, sickle cell disease, myocardial infarction, ear infection, wound healing, liver injury, endocarditis, liver infection, pancreatitis, primary graft dysfunction, limb ischemia reperfusion, kidney injury, blood clotting, alum-induced inflammation, hepatorenal injury, pleural exudations, hemothorax, intrabiliary blood clots, post pneumatic anemia, ulcers, otolaryngological conditions, oral infections, minor injuries, sinusitis, post-operative rhinoplasties, infertility, bladder catheter, wound cleaning, skin reaction test, pneumococcal meningitis, gout, leg ulcers, cystic fibrosis, Kartegener's syndrome, asthma, lobar atelectasis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lupus, primary ciliary dyskinesia, bronchiolitis, empyema, pleural infections, cancer, dry eyes disease, lower respiratory tract infections, chronic hematomas, Alzheimer's disease, and obstructive pulmonary disease.

In some embodiments, the subject has a loss of function mutation in one or both D1L3 genes, and may exhibit symptoms of SLE, or may be further diagnosed with clinical SLE. In such embodiments, the subject may receive systemic therapy with a BD-deleted D1L3 described herein, such as the fusion protein represented by SEQ ID NO:47. In various embodiments, therapeutically effective amounts of the fusion protein represented by SEQ ID NO:47, or other fusion between albumin and a BD-deleted D1L3, are administered once or twice weekly, or once or twice monthly.

Other aspects and embodiments of the invention will be apparent from the following examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Creating Chimeric DNase Enzymes

In this Example, chimeric DNase enzymes were created to evaluate the potential to create novel DNase enzymes for therapy against disorders caused by the accumulation of extracellular chromatin, including NETs. To produce variants of D1L3, transient transfection of in vitro expression systems [e.g. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or HEK293 cells] was used. Enzymatic activity in culture supernatants was characterized using the degradation of high-molecular weight (HMW)-chromatin (i.e. purified nuclei from HEK293 cells) as a readout. In brief, HMW-chromatin was first incubated with the D1L3 variants, followed by DNA isolation and visualization via agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). As shown in FIG. 1, it was observed that, unlike D1, D1L3 degrades HMW-chromatin (app. 50-300,000,000 base pairs) specifically and efficiently into nucleosomes (app. 180 base pairs), the basic units of chromatin fibers, whereas no such effect was observed in samples with D1.

We aimed to identify the regions of D1L3 that are responsible for its chromatin degrading activity. Sequence alignments of human D1 and human D1L3 were performed. The sequence alignments showed that 44% of the amino acids in human D1 and human D1L3 are identical. Without being bound by theory, it was speculated that the capacity of human D1L3 to degrade chromatin is mediated by amino acids that are not present in D1. Thus, only the variable amino acids (56% non-shared amino acids) were mutated to generate DL3 variants. The method used to transfer enzymatic properties from D1 to D1L3 (building block-technology) is schematically represented in FIG. 2. The following cardinal steps characterize the building block substitution approach:

(1) Provide protein-protein alignment of donor (DNASE1) and recipient DNase (DNASE1L3);

(2) Identify variable amino acid or amino acid sequence for transfer (building block);

(3) Identify conserved amino acids in donor and recipient DNase that are located up and downstream of building blocks, respectively (“anchors”);

(4) Replace the cDNA sequences encoding building block sequences, which are flanked by the C- and N-terminal anchors from a recipient DNase, with the cDNA sequence between the corresponding anchors from donor DNase;

(5) Synthesize a cDNA encoding the chimeric DNase. Prepare an expression vector capable of expressing the chimeric DNase, which harbors the cDNA of the chimeric DNase, operably linked to a promoter, terminator and/or other regulatory sequences of interest.

Chimeric DNase-encoding polynucleotides can be introduced and expressed into a recipient organism/cell of interest, which is preferably deficient in both donor and recipient DNase (e.g. CHO cells or Dnase1^(−/−)Dnase1l3^(−/−) mice).

Example 2: Biochemical Characterization of the Chimeric Enzymes

Using the building block substitution approach, 63 D1L3-D1 chimeras were generated (FIG. 3). These chimeras included D1L3-variants with the following building block mutations (BB): M1_A20delinsMRGMKLLGALLALAALLQGAVS, M21_S25delinsLKIAA, V28_S30delinsIQT, E33_S34delinsET, Q36_I45delinsMSNATLVSYI, K47_K50delinsQILS, C52Y, I54_M58delinsIALVQ, I60_K61delinsVR, S63_I70delinsSHLTAVGK, M72_K74delinsLDN, R77_T84delinsQDAPDT, N86H, V88_I89delinsVV, S91_R92delinsEP, N96_T97delinsNS, Q101R, A103L, L105V, K107_L110delinsRPDQ, V113_S116delinsAVDS, H118Y, H120D, Y122_A127delinsGCEPCGN, V129T, S131N, 135F_136VdelinsAI, W138R, Q140_H143delinsFSRF, A145_D148delinsAVKD, V150A, I152A, T156_T157delinsAA, E159_S161delinsGDA, K163A, E167A, V169_E170delinsYD, T173L, K176_R178delinsQEK, K180_A181delinsGL, N183_F186delinsDVML, P198_A201delinsRPSQ, K203_N204delinsSS, R208W, D210S, R212T, V214Q, G218P, Q220_E221delinsSA, V225_S228delinsATP, N230H, L238_R239delinsVA, Q241_S246delinsMLLRGA, K250D, N252_V254delinsALP, D256N, K259_A260delinsAA, K262G, T264_E267delinsSDQL, L269_V271delinsQAI, F275Y, F279_K280delinsVM, and Q282_S305delinsK.

The D1L3-variants were transiently expressed in CHO cells and culture supernatants were screened for the activity to degrade high molecular weight (HMW)-chromatin. The reaction mixtures of HMW-chromatin degradation assay were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) to assess the activity of the D1L3-D1 chimera. As shown in FIG. 4, these assays led to the identification of Q282_S305delinsK (i.e. BB #63), which confers hyperactivity on D1L3.

The mutation Q282_S305delinsK causes a complete deletion of the BD domain and the substitution of Q282 (glutamine at position 282) of D1L3 with a K (Lysine). As shown in FIG. 5A, the deletion of the C-terminal BD was confirmed using Western Blotting of culture supernatants using a monoclonal antibody that targets MGDFNAGCSYV (SEQ ID NO:42) (Anti-D1/D1L3), a peptide sequence that is shared by D1 and D1L3. The data further illustrated similar protein concentration of wild-type and mutated D1L3, indicating a lack of toxicity or altered protease sensitivity of the Q282_S305delinsK mutant D1L3 protein in the expression system (FIG. 5A).

To compare the enzymatic activity of wild type and Q282_S305delinsK mutant D1L3 proteins, a titration experiment was performed: high molecular weight chromatin was digested with increasing amounts of the enzymes, and reaction products were resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). As shown in FIG. 5B, titration of culture supernatants showed that BD-deleted D1L3 had approximately 5- to 10-fold higher activity to degrade HMW-chromatin. The extent of chromatinase activity of wild type and Q282_S305delinsK mutant D1L3 proteins was calculated based on the quantitation of degraded chromatin (FIG. 5C). Collectively, the data suggest that the BD domain of D1L3 is not required for chromatin degradation, but rather suppresses enzymatic activity.

Example 3: Comparison of Different C-Terminal Truncation Mutants

Since the Q282_S305delinsK mutation lacking the BD domain showed approximately 5- to 10-fold higher chromatinase activity compared to wild type D1L3 protein, the effect of extent of C-terminal deletion was evaluated. Whether full or partial truncation of BD of D1L3 is required to enable chromatin degradation was explored. Deletion mutants S305del, K303_S305del, V294_S305del, K291_S305del, R285_S305del, and S283_S305del, which lack 1, 3, 12, 15, 21, and 23 C-terminal amino acids, respectively were designed (FIG. 6). CHO and HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with vectors expressing wild-type and truncation mutants. Culture supernatants containing D1L3 and the variants were collected and tested by Western Blot using the aforementioned anti-D1/D1L3 antibody. As shown in FIG. 7, wild-type D1L3 as well as variants of smaller molecular weight could be detected. The observed mobility shift, inter alia, confirmed the deletion of BD. Furthermore, the western blots showed that all C-terminal truncation mutants and the wild-type D1L3 exhibited similar protein expression levels.

The effect of deleting all or part of the BD on chromatin degrading activity was determined by incubating culture supernatants with intact chromatin from isolated nuclei. In the first set of experiments, the culture supernatants of cells expressing wild-type and truncation mutants were diluted 10-fold with incubation buffer and then incubated with high molecular weight chromatin. Analysis of DNA fragmentation by AGE revealed that deletion of 3 or less amino acids caused only a minor increase in enzymatic activity, whereas the deletion of 12 or more amino acids strongly accelerated the degradation of ultra-large chromatin into mono-nucleosomes (FIG. 8A). To quantify chromatin degrading activity, the concentration of ultra-large chromatin, defined as DNA-fragments of >1,500 base pairs, was determined using image analysis of agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). As shown in FIG. 8B, this analysis confirmed the correlation of BD-deletion and enzymatic activity.

In a second set of experiments, undiluted culture supernatants of cells expressing wild-type and truncation mutants were mixed with intact chromatin from isolated nuclei. Under these conditions, ultra-large chromatin was completely degraded into mono-nucleosomes by D1L3 samples (FIG. 9A). Next, mono-nucleosomes, defined as DNA-fragments between 100 and 300 base pairs, were quantified using image analysis. As shown in FIG. 9B, a linear correlation was observed between the deletion of C-terminal amino acids and the activity of D1L3 to degrade mono-nucleosomes. These data showed that enzymatic activity for degrading mononucleosomes increased with increasing length of deletion from three C-terminal amino acids to 23 C-terminal amino acids (FIG. 9B). Taken together, the data illustrate that the entire BD of D1L3 has distinct inhibitory effects on degradation of ultra-large chromatin and mono-nucleosomes.

Example 4: Engineering D1L3 for Large-Scale Manufacturing

Nearly 70% of all biologics are produced using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Indeed, wild-type DNASE1 (D1; dornase alpha) is typically produced in CHO cells. Despite significant advantages in cell line development and large-scale production using CHO cells, there still remains a significant challenge in the production of Dnase enzymes due to a considerable degree of variability and no reliable methods for predicting or modeling cell growth characteristics. Importantly, CHO cells were not able to stably produce hyperactive variants of D1, which prevented their clinical manufacturing, and the manufacturing properties of other DNASE1-protein family members, including DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3), are largely unknown.

Using CHO and microbial expression systems, several challenges were identified in manufacturing of D1L3, including low production yield, proteolytic degradation, protein misfolding, and erroneous or undesired glycosylation. These are described below.

Pichia pastoris was evaluated as an alternative, microbial expression system to CHO cells. Higher expression levels were generally observed with BDD-D1L3, when compared to wild-type D1L3. Here, we purified and characterized wild-type D1L3 and BDD-D1L3 from Pichia pastoris fermentation supernatants (FIG. 10). Unexpectedly, we observed that wild-type D1L3 was proteolytically truncated within the BD at the amino acid positions K291, K291, or 5293, leading to a heterogeneous mix of D1L3 variants after purification. Unlike wild-type D1L3, expression of BDD-D1L3 due to three building block substitutions (F275Y, F279_K280delinsVM, Q282_S205delinsK) generated a pure protein.

The chromatinase activity of both D1L3 purifications was compared, where it was observed that the heterogeneous mix of D1L3 variants with BD truncations at positions K291, K291, or 5293 had approximately 10-fold lower chromatinase activity compared to the D1L3 variant with a full BD deletion due to F275Y/F279_K280delinsVM/Q282_S205delinsK (FIG. 10). Collectively, the data illustrate that the proteolytic cleavage of the BD can occur naturally in some microbial and mammalian expression systems, and removal of the BD appears to activate D1L3 activity to degrade chromatin.

We attempted to develop a stable CHO cell line producing wild-type D1L3. The cell lines were cultured in bioreactors using standard CHO culture medium. Specifically, FIG. 11 shows a Western Blot of human D1L3 expressed and secreted by CHO cells in a bioreactor under cGMP-compatible conditions. Samples were collected at different time points (t1-t3). Very low levels of D1L3 and D1L3 fragments were detected. The data suggest that low production yield of D1L3 is a challenge in manufacturing of D1L3.

Higher production levels of wild-type D1L3 may be achieved by the addition of polyanions to the culture medium. Such polyanions can comprise one or more of heparin, dextran sulfate, ferric citrate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and represent the biologically active ingredient in “anti-cell clumping reagents”. Specifically, dextran sulfate was added to the CHO culture medium and an increase was observed in D1L3 as well as D1L3 fragments (FIG. 11). The data illustrate that polyanions can increase production yield of D1L3, but did not prevent proteolytic degradation.

The potential to engineer a protease-resistant D1L3 was also investigated. Wild-type D1L3 contains 50 arginine and lysine residues, which makes the enzyme particularly susceptible to proteases like trypsin, thrombin, and plasmin. In this example, trypsin and plasmin cleavage sites were identified in D1L3 and mutated in an attempt to identify protease-resistance variants of D1L3.

In brief, purified D1L3 was digested with trypsin. D1L3 fragments were isolated, and the amino acid sequence of the fragments determined using combinations of liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS). It was identified that trypsin cleaved D1L3 at the following arginine and lysine residues: R22, R29, R51, R66, R80, R81, R95, K99, R115, K147, K163, K180, R208, R212, R235, R239, K250, and K262. These arginine and lysine residues might be substituted with small amino acids such as alanine, valine, and serine or with amino acids that have similar properties according to the Grantham's distance score (e.g. histidine, glutamine, and glutamate). D1, which is protease resistant, features arginine and lysine residues corresponding to R51, R95, K99, and R235, suggesting that these residues are not primarily responsible for proteolytic degradation of D1L3.

Building Block Protein Engineering was applied to transfer the following Building Blocks from D1 to replace Building Blocks of D1L3 that contain the trypsin cleavage sites: R22 (Mutation: M21_R22delinsLK), R29 (V28_S30delinsIQT), R66 (N64_I70delinsHLTAVGK), R80 (R77_I83delinsQDAPD), R81 (R77_I83delinsQDAPD), R115 (V113_R115delinsAVD), K163 (K163A), K180 (K180_A181delinsGL), R208 (R208W) MR212 (R212T), R239 (L238_R239delinsVA), K250 (K250D), and K262 (K262G).

Plasmin is a plasma protease that is generated by activation of its zymogen plasminogen. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) inhibits the activation of plasmin. Interestingly, PAI-1 increases the enzymatic activity of D1L3 in serum, suggesting that plasmin may proteolytically inactivate D1L3. However, the plasmin cleavage sites in D1L3 have not been identified.

In silico analysis showed that the amino acid combination lysine-alanine (KA) or arginine-alanine (RA) might be preferably cleaved by the protease plasmin or proteases that have plasmin-like activity. D1L3 contains a total of four putative plasmin-cleavage sites: (Site 1) K180/A181 (K160/A161 without signal peptide), (Site 2) K200/A201 (K180/A181 without signal peptide), (Site 3) K259/A260 (K239/A240 without signal peptide), and (Site 4) R285/A286 (R270/A250 without signal peptide). Using a paired alignment of D1 and D1L3, we found that none of the plasmin cleavage sites are present in D1. The data are in line with the fact that D1 activity is resistant to inactivation by serum proteases, such as thrombin and plasmin. Building Block Protein Engineering was applied to transfer the following Building Blocks from D1 to replace Building Blocks of D1L3 that contain the plasmin cleavage sites: (Site 1) K180_A181delinsGL, (Site 2) P198_A201delinsRPSQ, and (Site 3) K259A. R285/A286 (Site 4) is located in a C-terminal extension that is absent in D1. Consequently, we generated a D1L3 variant in which all four putative plasmin cleavage sites were mutated: K180_A181delinsGL, P198_A201delinsRPSQ, K259A, and R285A. Next, we analyzed chromatin degradation by the D1L3 variant and observed potent chromatin degrading activity in the mutated D1L3. Collectively, the data show that four arginine and lysine residues, K180, K200, K259, and R285, can be mutated to reduce the risk of proteolytic degradation without compromising enzymatic activity.

Next, purified D1L3 was digested with purified plasmin. D1L3 fragments were isolated, and the amino acid sequence of the fragments determined using combinations of LC and MS. We identified that plasmin cleaved D1L3 at the following arginine and lysine residues: R22, R29, K45, K47, K74, R81, R92, K107, K176, R212, R226, R227, K250, K259, and K262. These arginine and lysine residues can be substituted with small amino acids such as alanine, valine, and serine or with amino acids that have similar properties according to the Grantham's distance score (e.g. histidine, glutamine, and glutamate). D1, which is protease resistant, features a lysine residue corresponding to K45, suggesting that this residue is not primarily responsible for proteolytic degradation of D1L3 by plasmin. Building Block Protein Engineering was applied to transfer the following Building Blocks from D1 to replace Building Blocks of D1L3 that contain the trypsin cleavage sites in silico: R22 (Mutation: M21_R22delinsLK), R29 (V28_S30delinsIQT), K47 (K47_K50delinsQILS), K74 (M72_K74delinsLDN), R81 (R77_I83delinsQDAPD), R92 (S91_R92delinsEP), K107 (K107_L110delinsRPDQ), K176 (K176_R178delinsQEK), R212 (R212T), K226 (V225_S228delinsATP), K227 (V225_S228delinsATP), K250 (K250D), K259 (K259A), and K262 (K262G).

Finally, recombinantly expressed wild-type D1L3 was isolated and its C-terminus sequenced. Three different amino acid sequences were identified ending in S290, K291, and K292. The data identify lysine residues 291 and 292 as prominent proteolytic cleavage sites of D1L3 during large-scale manufacturing.

We observed fragmentation of D1L3 after heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. Analysis of the fragments characterized paired basic amino acids, arginine (R) and lysine (K) residues, as proteolytic cleavage sites. A similar degradation pattern was observed after expressing D1L3 in CHO cells. These observations suggest that Pichia pastoris and CHO cells share homologous proteases that cleave D1L3 at paired basic amino acids, and the effect was more significant in CHO cells.

It was determined that the paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme (PACE) contributed to the DNASE1L3 fragmentation. PACE, also known as Furin (Uniprot ID: P09958), is expressed in humans and mammals. Pichia pastoris expresses two enzymes, which target paired basic amino acids, namely Aspartic proteinase 3 (Gene: Ysp1; Uniprot ID: P32329) and Kexin (Gene: Kex2; Uniprot ID: P13134).

In addition, mutations of paired basic amino acids in DNASE1L3 and DNASE1L3 variants enable their expression in CHO and Pichia pastoris with reduced fragmentation. Analysis of DNASE1L3 fragments identified feature paired basic amino acid at positions: K50/R51, R80/R81, K114/R115, K199/K200, K226/K227, K291/K292, R297/K298/K299, and K303/R304.

Kexin preferably cleaves after KR and RR residues. DNASE1L3 features at K50/R51, R80/R81, K114/R115, and K303/R304 are 4 KEX2-cleavage sites. Amino acid substitutions of these residues render DNASE1L3 resistant to KEX2 and enable the expression of DNASE1L3 and DNASE1L3 variants in Pichia pastoris and in CHO cells. These amino acid substitutions can be conservative, e.g. R51K, R81K, R115K, and R304K.

During cGMP-compatible expression of D1L3 in CHO cells, the accumulation of high-molecular weight aggregates of D1L3 was observed, pointing towards an additional challenge for clinical manufacturing D1L3. The high molecular weight aggregates were observed by a lower extent in Pichia pastoris.

The application of reducing conditions to proteins of bioreactor material dissolved D1L3 aggregates. The data illustrate that D1L3 aggregate formation is caused by intra- and/or inter-molecular cross-linking via disulfide bridges during protein expression. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 12, the gel was run under non-reducing conditions and shows the accumulation of high-molecular weight aggregates of D1L3 over time. The gel was run under reducing conditions and no aggregates were detected. The data illustrate that erroneous intra- and inter-molecular disulfide bonds cause misfolding of human D1L3 under manufacturing conditions.

FIG. 13 shows an amino acid sequence alignment of human D1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and human D1L3 (SEQ ID NO: 4). The signal peptide, conserved amino acids, variable amino acids, non-conserved cysteine residues, and conserved cysteine residues are highlighted. Mutations in non-conserved cysteine residues will reduce the possibilities of intra- and inter-molecular disulfide bonds during protein expression. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of D1L3 showed the presence of five cysteine (C) residues: C24, C52, C68, C194, and C231. The cysteine residues C194 and C231 are conserved among all members of the DNASE1-protein family and form disulfide bonds that are required for enzymatic activity of DNASE1. Accordingly, as disclosed herein, mutation of these cysteine residues reduces the cross-linking via disulfide bridges and thus increases the yield of protein production.

Cysteine residues can be substituted with other small amino acids, namely alanine (A), serine (S), and glycine (G), among others. Such substitutions cause the following amino acid mutations C24A/S/G, C52A/S/G, C68A/S/G, C194A/S/G, and C231A/S/G. In addition, Building Blocks that comprise the conserved cysteine residues can be replaced by Building Blocks from a donor DNase of the DNASE1-protein family (e.g. D1 and D1L3). The following Building Blocks from D1 were used to replace the Building Blocks of D1L3 that contain the non-conserved cysteine residues C24, C52, and C68: C24_S25delinsAA, C52Y, and N64_I70delinsHLTAVGK. The chromatin degrading activity of D1L3 variants was quantified, as described in PCT/US18/4708. Both conventional amino acids substitutions (C24A, C52A) and building block substitutions (C24_S25delinsAA, C52Y) caused a complete absence of chromatin degradation, indicating that C24 and C52 are required for D1L3 activity. Importantly, mutation of cysteine C68, either by conventional amino acid substitution (C68A) or by BB mutation (N64_I70delinsHLTAVGK), resulted in a D1L3 variant with chromatin degrading activity. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that cysteine C68 is not conserved among other DNASE1-protein family members, supporting the notion that C68 is not required for enzymatic activity. Furthermore, it was observed that the amino acid substitution of highly conserved cysteine C194 with alanine (C194A), but not the mutation of the highly conserved cysteine C231 with alanine (C231A), resulted in an enzymatically active D1L3 variant. Thus, cysteine C68 and C194 can be mutated to reduce the risk of erroneous disulfide bonds during D1L3 production.

Example 5: The Paired Basic Amino Acid Cleaving Enzyme Furin Regulates D1L3

The BD domain contains an NLS and three paired basic amino acids that are potentially responsible for the inhibitory effects on enzymatic activity (FIG. 14). The NLS is located between amino acids L286 to S302 [LRKKTKS; Reference: Q13609 (Uniprot)] and therefore absent in all identified hyperactive D1L3 mutants that lack 12 amino acids or more.

It was hypothesized that the three sets of paired basic amino acids (K291/K292, K298/K299, and K303/R304) and may serve as proteolytic cleavage sites of the Paired Basic Amino Acid Cleaving Enzyme (PACE). Furin is a well-characterized PACE, which is involved in the maturation of pro-enzymes. To test the possibility of furin generating active D1L3, and to understand the possible role of furin in activation of chromatinase activity of D1L3, furin-overexpressing CHO cells were transiently transfected with wild-type and BD-deleted D1L3 (S283_S305del mutant). CHO cells without overexpression of furin were included as control. Culture supernatants were collected and tested by western blot using an antibody that targets the N-terminus of D1L3. As shown in FIG. 15, two bands of D1L3 were detected in furin-overexpressing CHO cells. The top band corresponded to D1L3 expressed by CHO cells without overexpression of furin, whereas the lower band corresponded to the BD-deleted D1L3. The data suggest that furin may directly or indirectly delete portions of the BD and thus cause the maturation of D1L3 into its enzymatically active form.

The results disclosed here demonstrate that if D1L3 were expressed in a mammalian cell that provides functional expression of a PACE, such as furin, hyperactive D1L3 could be conveniently administered by cell therapy. Cell therapy is one manner to overcome the numerous challenges in producing D1L3 at large scale, as well as the short half-life of wild-type D1L3, which has a half-life in circulation of less than 30 minutes. Further, white blood cells that migrate to sites of inflammation, cell necrosis and apoptosis, and which can penetrate diseased tissues, could provide an elegant localized chromatinase therapy.

Mammalian T cells do not naturally express D1L3 (FIG. 16). However, T cells express several basic-specific Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin (PCSK) enzymes, including PCSK types 3, 5, 6, and 7. In fact, activated T-cells specifically induce Furin (PCSK3) expression. See Pesu M, et al., T-cell-expressed proprotein convertase furin is essential for maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance, Nature 455, 246-250 (2008). Consequently, the expression of DNASE1L3, including wild-type D1L3 which has low activity) in T-cells will lead to the secretion of an enzymatically hyperactive DNASE1L3 (FIG. 17). This hyperactive variant may be produced at higher levels when the T cells are in an activated state. Further, because T cell therapy, including CAR-T cells, produce large amounts of extracellular chromatin during their action against diseased cells (e.g., cancer or virally-infected cells), D1L3 expression by effector T cells (either CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, or CAR-T cell) can avoid or lessen adverse effects of T cell therapy, such as Tumor Lysis Syndrome. Further still, the pathological presence of NETs in these inflammatory environments can be substantially reduced. Thus, T-cells that express and secret heterologous DNASE1L3 may be used for cell-based therapies in patients in need of extracellular chromatin and/or NET degradation, such as patients with cancer, tumor lysis syndrome, and patients with pneumonia, acute lung injury, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (including COVID-19).

Example 6: Single Amino Acid Deletion Generated D1L3 with Chromatin and DNA-Degrading Activity

We tested the activity of the BD-deleted D1L3 mutants to degrade protein-free DNA. In brief, the D1L3-variants were transiently expressed in CHO cells and culture supernatants were incubated with a commercially available DNA-probe, which becomes fluorescent upon cleavage by a DNASE, i.e. DNASEAlert. Surprisingly, we observed a robust increase in DNASE activate upon deletion of the C-terminal serine residue (e.g., S305 of SEQ ID NO:4) (FIG. 18). The deletion of a single amino acid—the C-terminal serine (S305)—generated a DNASE1L3 variant that has chromatinase and high DNASE activity (SEQ ID NO: 22).

Wild-Type Human DNASES DNASE1 (NP_005212.2): Signal Peptide, Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 1 MRGMKLLGALLALAALLQGAVSLKIAAFNIQTFGETKMSNATLVSYIVQILSRYDIALVQEVRDSHLTAVGKLLDNLN QDAPDTYHYVVSEPLGRNSYKERYLFVYRPDQVSAVDSYYYDDGCEPCGNDTFNREPAIVRFFSRFTEVREFAIVPLH AAPGDAVAEIDALYDVYLDVQEKWGLEDVMLMGDFNAGCSYVRPSQWSSIRLWTSPTFQWLIPDSADTTATPTHCAYD RIVVAGMLLRGAVVPDSALPFNFQAAYGLSDQLAQAISDHYPVEVMLK DNASE1-LIKE1 (NP_006721.1): Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 2 MHYPTALLFLILANGAQAFRICAFNAQRLTLAKVAREQVMDTLVRILARCDIMVLQEVVDSSGSAIPLLLRELNRFDG SGPYSTLSSPQLGRSTYMETYVYFYRSHKTQVLSSYVYNDEDDVFAREPFVAQFSLPSNVLPSLVLVPLHTTPKAVEK ELNALYDVFLEVSQHWQSKDVILLGDFNADCASLTKKRLDKLELRTEPGFHWVIADGEDTTVRASTHCTYDRVVLHGE RCRSLLHTAAAFDFPTSFQLTEEEALNISDHYPVEVELKLSQAHSVQPLSLTVLLLLSLLSPQLCPAA DNASE1-LIKE2 (NP_001365.1): Signal Peptide, Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 3 MGGPRALLAALWALEAAGTAALRIGAFNIQSFGDSKVSDPACGSIIAKILAGYDLALVQEVRDPDLSAVSALMEQINS VSEHEYSFVSSQPLGRDQYKEMYLFVYRKDAVSVVDTYLYPDPEDVFSREPFVVKFSAPGTGERAPPLPSRRALTPPP LPAAAQNLVLIPLHAAPHQAVAEIDALYDVYLDVIDKWGTDDMLFLGDFNADCSYVRAQDWAAIRLRSSEVFKWLIPD SADTTVGNSDCAYDRIVACGARLRRSLKPQSATVHDFQEEFGLDQTQALAISDHFPVEVTLKFHR DNASE1-LIKE 3; Isoform 1 (NP_004935.1): Signal Peptide, Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 4 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS DNASE1-LIKE 3, Isoform 2 (NP_001243489.1): Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 5 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRE KLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHTTPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIF MGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYDRIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLT EEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS DNASE2A (O00115): Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 6 MIPLLLAALLCVPAGALTCYGDSGQPVDWFVVYKLPALRGSGEAAQRGLQYKYLDESSGGWRDGRALINSPEGAVGRS LQPLYRSNTSQLAFLLYNDQPPQPSKAQDSSMRGHTKGVLLLDHDGGFWLVHSVPNFPPPASSAAYSWPHSACTYGQT LLCVSFPFAQFSKMGKQLTYTYPWVYNYQLEGIFAQEFPDLENVVKGHHVSQEPWNSSITLTSQAGAVFQSFAKFSKF GDDLYSGWLAAALGTNLQVQFWHKTVGILPSNCSDIWQVLNVNQIAFPGPAGPSFNSTEDHSKWCVSPKGPWTCVGDM NRNQGEEQRGGGTLCAQLPALWKAFQPLVKNYQPCNGMARKPSRAYKI DNASE2B (Q8WZ79): Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 7 MKQKMMARLLRTSFALLFLGLFGVLGAATISCRNEEGKAVDWFTFYKLPKRQNKESGETGLEYLYLDSTTRSWRKSEQ LMNDTKSVLGRTLQQLYEAYASKSNNTAYLIYNDGVPKPVNYSRKYGHTKGLLLWNRVQGFWLIHSIPQFPPIPEEGY DYPPTGRRNGQSGICITFKYNQYEAIDSQLLVCNPNVYSCSIPATFHQELIHMPQLCTRASSSEIPGRLLTTLQSAQG QKFLHFAKSDSFLDDIFAAWMAQRLKTHLLTETWQRKRQELPSNCSLPYHVYNIKAIKLSRHSYFSSYQDHAKWCISQ KGTKNRWTCIGDLNRSPHQAFRSGGFICTQNWQIYQAFQGLVLYYESCK Chimeras of Human DNASE1L3 and DNASE1 D1L3 + D1-BB#50: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 8 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTT ATP TNCAYDR IVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#51: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 9 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKST H CAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#52: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 10 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIV VA GQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#53: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 11 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRG MLLRGA VVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#54: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 12 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVP D SNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#55: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 13 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSN ALP DFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#56: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 14 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVF N FQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#57: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 15 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQ A AYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#58: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 16 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAY G LTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#59: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 17 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKL SDQL ALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#60: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 18 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEA QAI SDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#61: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 19 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDH Y PVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#62: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 20 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVE VM LQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKRS D1L3 + D1-BB#63: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein (Building block transferred from D1): SEQ ID NO: 21 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKL K C-terminal deletion mutants of Human DNASE1L3 S305del: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 22 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKSKR K303_S305del: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 23 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKSVTLRKKTKS V294_S305del: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 24 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNSKKS K291_S305del: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 25 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSSRAFTNS R285_S305del: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 26 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQSS S283_S305del: Signal Peptide; Mature Protein: SEQ ID NO: 27 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALAMRICSFNVRSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRN SRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLYKEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHT TPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENFIFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYD RIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYKLTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQ SIGNAL PEPTIDES Alpha mating factor (P01149): SEQ ID NO: 28 MRFPSIFTAVLFAASSALAAPVNTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDVAVLPFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEE GVS Human Albumin Secretory Signal Peptide + Propeptide (P02768): SEQ ID NO: 29 MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR Human DNASE1L3 Signal Peptide (Q13609): SEQ ID NO: 30 MSRELAPLLLLLLSIHSALA LINKER SEQUENCES SEQ ID NO: 31 GGGGS SEQ ID NO: 32 GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS SEQ ID NO: 33 APAPAPAPAPAPAP SEQ ID NO: 34 AEAAAKEAAAKA SEQ ID NO: 35 SGGSGSS SEQ ID NO: 36 SGGSGGSGGSGGSGSS SEQ ID NO: 37 SGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGSS SEQ ID NO: 38 GGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGS OTHER SEQUENCES Human Serum Albumin (Mature Protein): SEQ ID NO: 39 DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFEDHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVA TLRETYGEMADCCAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLF FAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKL VTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVES KDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQ NCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTP VSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKA VMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL Human Factor XI: SEQ ID NO: 40 MIFLYQVVHFILFTSVSGECVTQLLKDTCFEGGDITTVFTPSAKYCQVVCTYHPRCLLFTFTAESPSEDPTRWFTCVL KDSVTETLPRVNRTAAISGYSFKQCSHQISACNKDIYVDLDMKGINYNSSVAKSAQECQERCTDDVHCHFFTYATRQF PSLEHRNICLLKHTQTGTPTRITKLDKVVSGFSLKSCALSNLACIRDIFPNTVFADSNIDSVMAPDAFVCGRICTHHP GCLFFTFFSQEWPKESQRNLCLLKTSESGLPSTRIKKSKALSGFSLQSCRHSIPVFCHSSFYHDTDFLGEELDIVAAK SHEACQKLCTNAVRCQFFTYTPAQASCNEGKGKCYLKLSSNGSPTKILHGRGGISGYTLRLCKMDNECTTKIKPRIVG GTASVRGEWPWQVTLHITSPTQRHLCGGSIIGNQWILTAAHCFYGVESPKILRVYSGILNQSEIKEDTSFFGVQEIII HDQYKMAESGYDIALLKLETTVNYTDSQRPICLPSKGDRNVIYTDCWVTGWGYRKLRDKIQNTLQKAKIPLVTNEECQ KRYRGHKITHKMICAGYREGGKDACKGDSGGPLSCKHNEVWHLVGITSWGEGCAQRERPGVYTNVVEYVDWILEKTQA V Human prekallikrein: SEQ ID NO: 41 MILFKQATYFISLFATVSCGCLTQLYENAFFRGGDVASMYTPNAQYCQMRCTFHPRCLLFSFLPASSINDMEKRFGCF LKDSVTGILPKVHRTGAVSGHSLKQCGHQISACHRDIYKGVDMRGVNFNVSKVSSVEECQKRCTNNIRCQFFSYATQT FHKAEYRNNCLLKYSPGGTPTAIKVLSNVESGFSLKPCALSEIGCHMNIFQHLAFSDVDVARVLTPDAFVCRTICTYH PNCLFFTFYTNVWKIESQRNVCLLKTSESGTPSSSTPQENTISGYSLLICKRTLPEPCHSKIYPGVDFGGEELNVTFV KGVNVCQETCTKMIRCQFFTYSLLPEDCKEEKCKCFLRLSMDGSPTRIAYGTQGSSGYSLRLCNTGDNSVCTIKTSTR IVGGINSSWGEWPWQVSLQVKLTAQRHLCGGSLIGHQWVLTAAHCFDGLPLQDVWRIYSGILNLSDITKDTPFSQIKE IIIHQNYKVSEGNHDIALIKLQAPLNYTEFQKPICLPSKGDTSTIYTNCWVTGWGFSKEKGEIQNILQKVNIPLVTNE ECQKRYQDYKITQRMVCAGYKEGGKDACKGDSGGPLVCKHNGMWRLVGITSWGEGCARREQPGVYTKVAEYMDWILEK TQSSDGKAQMQSPA DNase epitope SEQ ID NO: 42 MGDFNAGCSYV ACTIVATABLE LINKER SEQUENCES FXIIa-susceptible linker (Factor XI peptide): SEQ ID NO: 43 CTTKIKPRIVGGTASVRGEWPWQVT FXIIa-susceptible linker SEQ ID NO: 44 GGGGSPRIGGGGS FXIIa-susceptible linker (Prekallikrein peptide): SEQ ID NO: 45 VCTIKTSTRIVGGINSSWGEWPWQVS FXIIa-susceptible linker (Prekallikrein peptide): SEQ ID NO: 46 STRIVGG FUSIONS BETWEEN ALBUMIN AND BD-DELETED D1L3 SEQ ID NO: 47 Albumin-DNASE1L3 Variant-Fusion Protein. (Albumin, DNASE1L3 Variant): DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFEDHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVA TLRETYGEMADCCAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLF FAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKL VTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVES KDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQ NCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTP VSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKA VMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGSSMRICSFNV RSFGESKQEDKNAMDVIVKVIKRCDIILVMEIKDSNNRICPILMEKLNRNSRRGITYNYVISSRLGRNTYKEQYAFLY KEKLVSVKRSYHYHDYQDGDADVFSREPFVVWFQSPHTAVKDFVIIPLHTTPETSVKEIDELVEVYTDVKHRWKAENF IFMGDFNAGCSYVPKKAWKNIRLRTDPRFVWLIGDQEDTTVKKSTNCAYDRIVLRGQEIVSSVVPKSNSVFDFQKAYK LTEEEALDVSDHFPVEFKLQ 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated human host cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a chromatinase enzyme operably linked to a promoter, wherein the host cell expresses and secretes the chromatinase enzyme.
 2. The isolated host cell of claim 1, wherein the chromatinase is DNASE1-LIKE 3 (D1L3).
 3. The isolated host cell of claim 2, wherein the secreted D1L3 enzyme has at least a partial deletion of the C-terminal basic domain.
 4. The isolated host cell of claim 3, wherein the secreted D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least 12 amino acids of the C-terminal basic domain.
 5. The isolated host cell of claim 4, wherein the secreted D1L3 enzyme includes enzymes having deletions of one or more of: K291_S305 del, K292_S305 del, K293_S305 del, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4.
 6. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the host cell is a white blood cell, an endothelial cell, an epithelial cell, a hepatocyte, or a stem cell.
 7. The isolated host cell of claim 6, wherein the host cell is a white blood cell.
 8. The isolated host cell of claim 7, wherein the host cell is a macrophage.
 9. The isolated host cell of claim 7, wherein the host cell is a T cell.
 10. The isolated host cell of claim 9, wherein the T cell is CD8+ or CD4+.
 11. The isolated host cell of claim 9, wherein the host cell is a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell.
 12. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein D1L3 C-terminal basic domain processing is induced when the T cell is activated.
 13. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the T cell recognizes a cancer-associated antigen.
 14. The isolated host cell of claim 13, wherein the T cell recognizes a leukemia antigen.
 15. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the T cell recognizes a viral antigen.
 16. The isolated host cell of claim 15, wherein the T cell recognizes a coronavirus antigen.
 17. The isolated host cell of claim 16, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
 18. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is an mRNA or a modified mRNA (mmRNA).
 19. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is DNA.
 20. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the D1L3 enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5 lacking the C-terminal Basic Domain (BD).
 21. The isolated host cell of claim 10, wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 80% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD.
 22. The isolated host cell of claim 21, wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 85% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD.
 23. The isolated host cell of claim 21, wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 90% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD.
 24. The isolated host cell of claim 21, wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 95% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the BD.
 25. The isolated host cell of claim 21, wherein the amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5.
 26. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having a deletion of one or more amino acids of the C-terminal basic domain, and optionally at least five amino acids of the C-terminal basic domain.
 27. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having an inactivation of one or more of the NLS1 and the NLS2.
 28. The isolated host cell of claim 27, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having an inactivation of the NLS1.
 29. The isolated host cell of claim 27, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having an inactivation of NLS2.
 30. The isolated host cell of claim 27, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 having an inactivation of both NLS1 and NLS2.
 31. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 26 to 30, wherein the D1L3 enzyme includes one or more amino acid substitutions and/or deletions within the NLS1 and/or NLS2.
 32. The isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the D1L3 enzyme is fused to a carrier protein.
 33. The isolated host cell of claim 32, wherein the carrier protein is albumin, which is optionally linked at the N-terminus of the D1L3 protein through a flexible or cleavable linker.
 34. A method for preparing the host cell of any one of claims 1 to 33, comprising introducing the polynucleotide encoding the chromatinase to a host cell in vitro.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the polynucleotide is introduced to the cell using a viral vector.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the polynucleotide is introduced to the cell using a gene-editing system selected from CRISPR-Cas9, zinc finger nuclease, or TALENS.
 37. A method for treating a subject in need of extracellular chromatin degradation, the method comprising administering the isolated host cell of any one of claims 1 to 33, or the host cell prepared by the method of any one of claims 34 to 36, to the subject.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the subject is in need of extracellular trap (ET) degradation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation.
 39. The method of claim 37 or 38, wherein the subject is at risk of vascular occlusion involving extracellular chromatin.
 40. The method of any one of claims 37 to 39, wherein the extracellular chromatin includes chromatin released by cancer cells or injured endothelial cells.
 41. The method of any one of claims 37 to 40, wherein the subject has a loss of function mutation in one or both D1L3 genes.
 42. The method of any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the subject has a condition selected from chronic neutrophilia, neutrophil aggregation or leukostasis, thrombosis or vascular occlusion, ischemia-reperfusion injury, surgical or traumatic tissue injury, an acute or chronic inflammatory reaction or disease, an autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, renal inflammatory disease, inflammatory disease related to transplanted tissue, and cancer.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the subject has cancer.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the cancer is leukemia.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the tumor is metastatic.
 47. The method of any one of claims 43 to 46, wherein the subject has or is at risk of tumor lysis syndrome.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the subject has an inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the subject has an infection of the lower respiratory tract.
 50. The method of claim 48 or 49, wherein the subject has a viral infection.
 51. The method of any one of claims 48 to 50, wherein the subject has Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) or Acute Lung Injury (ALI).
 52. The method of any one of claims 48 to 51, wherein the subject has pneumonia.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the subject has a coronavirus infection.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19.
 55. A method for treating a subject in need of extracellular chromatin degradation, the method comprising administering a composition comprising isolated T cells to the subject, the isolated T cells being modified in vitro to express a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a D1L3 enzyme operably linked to a promoter, so as to express and secrete the D1L3 enzyme.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the secreted D1L3 enzyme has at least a partial deletion of the C-terminal basic domain.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the secreted D1L3 enzyme has a deletion of at least 12 amino acids of the C-terminal basic domain.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the secreted D1L3 enzyme includes enzymes having deletions of one or more of: K291_S305 del, K292_S305 del, K293_S305 del, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4.
 59. The method of claim 55, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is DNA.
 60. The method of claim 55, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is an mRNA or a modified mRNA (mmRNA).
 61. The method of claim 55, wherein the polynucleotide is introduced to the cell using a viral vector.
 62. The method of claim 55, wherein the polynucleotide is introduced to the cell using a gene-editing system selected from CRISPR-Cas9, zinc finger nuclease, or TALENS.
 63. The method of claim 55, wherein the D1L3 enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% sequence identity to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 lacking the C-terminal basic domain.
 64. The method of claim 55, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having a deletion of one or more amino acids of the C-terminal basic domain.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having a deletion of at least five amino acids of the C-terminal basic domain.
 66. The method of claim 55, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a D1L3 enzyme having an inactivation of one or more of the NLS1 and the NLS2.
 67. The method of claim 55, wherein the D1L3 enzyme includes one or more amino acid substitutions and/or deletions within the NLS1 and/or NLS2.
 68. The method of claim 55, wherein the D1L3 enzyme is fused to a carrier protein.
 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the carrier protein is albumin.
 70. The method of claim 68, wherein the D1L3 is fused to the carrier protein at the N-terminus of the D1L3 protein through a flexible or cleavable linker.
 71. The method of claim 55, wherein the subject is in need of extracellular trap (ET) degradation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation.
 72. The method of claim 55, wherein the subject is at risk of occlusions, including vascular occlusions, involving extracellular chromatin.
 73. The method of claim 55, wherein the extracellular chromatin includes chromatin released by cancer cells or injured endothelial cells.
 74. The method of claim 55, wherein the subject has a loss of function mutation in one or both D1L3 genes.
 75. The method of claim 55, wherein the subject has a condition selected from chronic neutrophilia, neutrophil aggregation or leukostasis, thrombosis or vascular occlusion, ischemia-reperfusion injury, surgical or traumatic tissue injury, an acute or chronic inflammatory reaction or disease, an autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, renal inflammatory disease, inflammatory disease related to transplanted tissue, and cancer.
 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the subject has cancer.
 77. The method of claim 76, wherein the cancer is leukemia.
 78. The method of claim 76, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the tumor is metastatic.
 80. The method of claim 75, wherein the subject has an inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract.
 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the subject has an infection of the lower respiratory tract.
 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the subject has a viral infection.
 83. The method of claim 75, wherein the subject has Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) or Acute Lung Injury (ALI).
 84. The method of claim 75, wherein the subject has pneumonia. 